Radio-tagged studies have shown that about 30% of proteins can be phosphorylated in eukaryotic cells. Reversible phosphorylation results in changes in protein activity and function. This critical post-translational modification regulates a wide range of cellular activities, thereby affecting and regulating cellular functions such as energy storage, cellular morphological changes, protein synthesis and gene expression, release of signaling factors, muscle contraction, and cellular metabolism.

Common tests for phosphorylation levels include phospho-specific antibody, kinase activity assays, western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), cell-based ELISA, intracellular flow cytometry and ICC/IHC, mass spectrometry and protein Chip. Protein microarray is widely used because of its high throughput and multiple coverage.

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